Introduction:

India is generating about 3.5 million tons of plastic waste annually and the per capita plastic
waste generation has almost doubled over the last five years and about 60% of the plastic waste
has been recycled annually in India. Plastic is made up of various harmful and toxic chemicals
thus it poses a serious environmental threat to modern society. As a result, if not properly
managed or processed it will pollute land, air and water. Plastic Debris affects at least 267
species worldwide 86% of sea turtles species, 44% of all seabird and 43% of marine mammal
species. India has been ranked as the 12th among the countries for mismanagement of plastics.
Therefore recycling and reprocessing of Plastic waste has become the urgency to overcome this
problem and mismanagement. Recycling and reprocessing of Plastic waste involves 5 types of
processes based on the quality of the product manufactured upon recycling namely upgrading,
recycling (open or closed loop), downgrading, waste-to-energy plants, and dumpsites or
landfilling. Usually, the PW is converted into lower-quality products such as pellets or granules,
or flakes which are further utilized in the production of various finished products such as boards,
pots, mats, and furniture (Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) 2021).

1. Classification of plastics

Plastic	Characteristics
Polyester (EPS)	Lightweight, foamed and energy absorbing plastic
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)	Milky white, soft and flexible plastic
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)	Relatively of high grade and used in white
Polystyrene (PS)	Polystyrene (PS) Stiff but brittle plastic with clear look and glossy
Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PPVC)	Clear type with flexibility
Polypropylene (PP)	Hard, but flexible plastic
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC)	Clear type, hard stiff plastic
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)	Hard plastic suitable for fibre production

Table.1 Variety and characteristics of plastic

Plastic Recycling Technologies and their applicability to India

From waste to material recovery, PW recycling can broadly be categorized into mechanical
recycling, chemical recycling, biological recycling, and energy recovery (Al-Salemet al. 2017).
Primary Recycling is most preferable type of recycling because of its contamination free feature
which facilitates a less number of operating units resulting in the optimal amount of consumption
of energy supply and resources which is further followed by secondary recycling (mechanical
recycling) for recycling PW (CSE 2021). However, processing difficulties and the quality of
recyclates are the main drivers for seeking alternative approaches (Ragaert et al. 2017).
Comparatively, tertiary recycling or chemical/feedstock recycling is a less favored alternative
because of high production and operational costs, as well as the lack of scalable commercial

technology in India whereas quaternary recycling which involves energy recovery, energy from
waste, or valorization of PW, is least preferred due to uncertainty around propriety and
prominence of the technology, and the negative potential to convert land-based pollution to water
and air pollution, but anyhow more preferable than dumping into the landfill (Satapathy 2017;
CSE 2021). Figure 2 shows the categorization of the recycling process of PW.

Fig.3 Plastic waste flow and recycling categorization (Modified from FICCI 2016; Sikdar et al.
2020; Tong et al. 2020)

2.1 Recycling technologies

2.1.1 Mechanical Recycling

Mechanical recycling involves physical processes (or treatments) that convert PW into secondary
plastic materials. It is a multistep process typically involving collection, sorting, and heat
treatment with reforming, re-compounding with activities, and extruding operations to produce
recycled material that can substitute for virgin polymer (Ragaert et al. 2017; Faraca and Astrup
2019). It‘s able to handle single polymer plastis only such as PVC, PET, PP & PS. There are
various key approaches to sorting and separating PW for MR, including zig-zag separator (also

known as an air classifier), air tabling, ballistic separator, dry and wet gravity separation (or sinkfloat
tank), froth flotation, and electrostatic separation (or triboelectric separation). There are also
some newer sensor-based separation technologies available for PW which include plastic color
sorting and near-infrared (NIR) (Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA) 2019). After
the collection process they are melted down directly and molded into new shapes or are regranulated
and these granules are reused to in the manufacturing of plastic products.

2.1.2 Chemical Recycling

Chemical recycling, tertiary recycling, or feedstock recycling refers to the transformation of
polymers into simple chemical structures (smaller constituent molecules) which can be utilized
in a diverse range of industrial applications and/or the production of petrochemicals and plastics
(Bhagat et al. 2016; Jyothsna and Chakradhar 2020). Pyrolysis, hydrogenation, and gasification
are some of the chemical recycling processes (Singh and Devi 2019). This type of recycling is
used in waste to oil plants (Termed as WtO by CPCB)

2.1.3 Quaternary Recycling – Energy Recovery

Energy recovery is a valuable alternative for the plastics that can‘t be sustainably recycled such
plastics can‘t be recycled in an eco-efficient manner because of few factors are:
 The amount, cleanliness and composition of the collected waste.
 Available technologies for sorting.
 Market driven requirements on quality and standards for recycled material that may limit
the appropriateness of plastic recycling.
For these plastics, energy recovery is the most resource-efficient solution available. In India,
most of the plastic waste treated using this method is co-processed in cement plants or sent to
WtE plants to be used as an alternative fuel in the incineration process.

2.1.4 Alternate Use

Alternate use refers to use plastic in some other way and not using technologies discussed above.
One of the best example of alternate use of plastics in bitumen road making. This process,
however, has its limitations in terms of feedstock-this process can‘t take black plastic because of
its repeated recycling and less binding properties and PVC can‘t be used due to presence of
chlorine which can release dioxin in case of high temperature. More research is needed to
understand the long-term effects of plastic being used for alternate purposes in various set-ups to
recognize and address questions like leaching, environmental degradation potential, microplastic
forming potential and other effects on human health.

Graph 1 Percentage distribution of recycling options

3 Challenges faced by recyclers

• The challenges associated with plastic waste and recycling are numerous, and they can be found at all levels, including classification, quantification, identification of sources of plastic waste, fates of lastic waste and disposal options, recycling as a whole, and finally the current GST framework.

• The RIC codes are the most extensively accepted and recognized for classification. However, most of us confuse them as a promise that the plastic will be recycled. Moreover, the resin codes can help us identify the type of resin that was used for making the plastic, but it is almost impossible to establish if a plastic product has been made using virgin material, recycled material, or the so-called compostable and biodegradable plastics. Consumers have to heavily rely on the message communicated to them by producers and brand owners through their packaging, and there is no way to verify the claims made by them in terms of the kind of plastic they are using

•  Quantifying plastic trash is an even more difficult task. This topic should take precedence until and unless we have a “realistic” number on which all parties can agree. The current scenario and available records merely show how different government organisations have issued inconsistent numbers on plastic garbage output, and we are nothing near to the actual figure.

•  The informal sector is the only reason why we have not drowned in our own waste. While they do most of the work and make it possible to bring everything back into the value chain, they have not been recognized as an institution/ organization and that makes them all the more vulnerable and prevents them from having the right to bargain. The PWM Rules, 2016 have also recognized the waste-picker but not the entire sector as a whole. The losses that the informal sector has had to suffer because of GST have also been highlighted time and again. While plastic waste channelized for recycling is subject to 5 per cent GST, non-recyclable plastic waste which is sent to WtE plants and cement plants for co-processing is procured by these plants free of cost and is delivered to their doorstep.

• The quality of plastics collected is, usually, inconsistent and contaminated leading to lower value items.

• Many plastic recycling companies have insufficient standardization, industrialization and operational excellence in their operations. This is largely due to the nature of the sector, which is characterized by small companies, with limited experience in the professional plastics industry.

• In reality, only a small percentage of ‗recyclable’ used plastic is recycled back into the things for which it was created, even in the case of most easily recyclable plastic such as PET and HDPE. hallenges come due to colorants, additives, and fillers used in the production of plastic. Contamination from consumer use, and yield losses during the recycling process.

•  Even if plastic were recycled despite all the barriers, each cycle of the recycling process shortens the length of polymer chains, resulting in quality loss and, eventually, the need to dispose of the material. Lower-grade plastic waste, including post-consumer and multilayered plastic packaging is particularly difficult to separate and process.

4. Statistics

India is generating about 3.5 million tons of plastic waste annually and the per capita plastic
waste generation has almost doubled over the last five years and about 60% of the plastic waste
has been recycled annually in India. While the amount of plastic waste that is being recycled in
the country matches PlastIndia‘s claim of 60 per cent; according 20 to MoHUA, 70 per cent of
this is recycled in registered or organized facilities which have declined by 97 per cent in a year
(2018–19), 20 per cent is recycled by unorganized sector which has increased by 60 per cent and
the remaining 10 per cent is recycled at home—which means using the plastic waste for alternate
use in a domestic setup.

5. How EcoEx can help to address the above challenges

5.1. Organizing the Unorganized Plastic Recycling Industry – Achieving the Essence of
EPR policy

• EcoEx recognised the need to bring the unorganized recycling sector into the organised segment by informing them of the additional financial benefits they may obtain by selling PCC directly to a pool of PIBOs on our digital marketplace. As a result, the recycling sector can be streamlined.

• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) was formed to encourage plastic makers to accept responsibility for recycling the waste they create by incentivizing recyclers to enhance recycling apacity and, as a result, contribute to the country’s recycling infrastructure. Ecoex gives recyclers more power by allowing them to trade directly with PIBOs.

5.2 Educating the Stakeholders

Many PIBOs and recyclers are completely unaware of the EPR policy. Ecoex contributes to
raising awareness by teaching both PIBOs and recyclers about the importance of ethically
offsetting their EPR targets. Ecoex believes that every metric tonne of plastic trash in the
environment should be disposed of ethically, and we are working to educate all stakeholders in
the value chain.

5.3. Lesser plastics into oceans

• The more plastic that is collected and recycled, the less plastic will end up in rivers and oceans, disrupting marine life. Ecoex’s pro-recycling stance ensures that the maximum amount of plastic is removed from the environment.

• Plastic garbage is now flooding the world’s oceans at an alarming rate. The absence of recycling infrastructure. By incentivizing recycling, Ecoex ensures that an increasing amount of post-consumer plastic trash is collected and recovered. This, in turn, aids in the conservation of marine life by reducing the amount of plastic poured into oceans.

5.4. Plastic Credit certificate.

PIBOs can now fulfil their Plastic EPR obligations directly through Recyclers/End of Life
Processors using ECOEX’s digital marketplace. A PCC guarantees that plastic garbage is
ethically collected, transported, and disposed of while also ensuring that the monetary benefit is
realised by the unprivileged recycling sector.
In a plastic credit model, a manufacturer is not obligated to recycle their own packaging but must
verify that an equivalent amount of packaging trash has been recovered and recycled to meet
their duty. Producers, on the other hand, are required to get proof of recycling or recovery
[PLASTIC CREDIT] from appropriately accredited processors [recyclers, W2E plant operators,
cement co-processors, users of plastic in road] or exporters. Producers can exchange credits with
processors who have been officially accredited for this purpose, as well as by registering on the
EPR portal.

Conclusion

Our main goal with this project was to create awareness of how recycling can help the
environment by reducing pollution and greenhouse emissions; which at the same time is
affecting the whole world, and how we can make a difference if we start recycling efficiently.
We also wanted to make people aware of how recycling can make an impact in the world by
decreasing global warming, decreasing deforestation, and reducing the amount of toxic
chemicals that go into the landfills and pollute the soil and lead to degradation of land.

The circular economy is a regenerative paradigm that necessitates the involvement of responsible
stakeholders. There should be continuous interaction among stakeholders to share current
practices dealing with PW as part of the plastic economy. It was found that there was incomplete
and indistinct reporting on PW generation from individual states. Information exchange via
technology application should eventually be an integral part of the PW management value chain.
Thus, generation estimation is an essential task to set targets for resource recovery and recycling,
which connects the ―global commitment‖ element of the circular plastic economy and waste
minimization. Being part of the global commitment to ―reducing, circulating and innovating‖
under the ―plastic pact,‖ a national target could be set and a mechanism is developed.

References:

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